Quotation marks“ “ and inverted commas ’ ‘

Single quotation marks are used to emphasize a word, to give quotations from other writers and to show direct speech:

The word ‘quiz’ was first used in the nineteenth century.

Goodwin’s (1977) analysis of habit … indicates that, in general, ‘it will be more difficult to reverse a trend than to accentuate it’.

‘Can anyone find the answer?’ asked the lecturer.

Longer quotations are usually indented (i.e. have a wider margin) or are set in smaller type.

Double quotation marks are used to show quotations inside quotations (nested quotations): As James remarked: ‘Martin’s concept of “internal space” requires close analysis.’

Quotation marks are used for the names of articles and chapters, but book or journal titles use italics:

Russell, T. (1995) ‘A future for coffee?’ Journal of Applied Marketing 6 pp.14–17.