formative indicators

• formative variables are not commonlyrepresented by the underlying construct but causing it. Therefore,internal reliability is not examined in this regard but nomological andcontent aspects of construct validity (Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer,2001; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, & Jarvis, 2005).
• Bollen Kenneth and Lennox Richard, “Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 110, No. 2, 1991, pp. 305 – 314.
• MacCallum Robert C. and Browne Michael W., “The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 114, No. 3, 1993, pp. 533 – 541.
• Jarvis Cheryl Burke, Mackenzie Scott B. and Podsakoff Philip M., “A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research”, Journal of Consumer Research, Inc., Vol. 30, September 2003, pp. 199 – 218.
• Diamantopoulos Adamantios and Winklhofer Heidi M., “Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 38, pp. 269 – 277, May 2001.
• Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction withformative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal ofMarketing Research, 38(2), 269-277.
• Law, K. S., & Wong, C.-S. (1999). Multidimensional constructs instructural equation analysis: An illustration using the job perceptionand job satisfaction constructs. Journal of Management, 25(2), 143-160.
• Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Mobley, W. H. (1998). Toward a taxonomy ofmultidimensional constructs. Academy of Management Review, 23(4),741-755.
• MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Jarvis, C. B. (2005). The problemof measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizationalresearch and some recommended solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology,90(4), 710-730.
• Yi, M. Y., & Davis, F. D. (2003). Developing and validating anobservational learning model of computer software training and skillacquisition. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 146-169.